Google Scholar search results, citation counts and citation export formats, as structured JSON.
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Get Scholar Case Law Opinion Looks up a Google Scholar Case Law opinion by its `caseId` (as returned in a google/scholar organic result's `caseId`, when searching with `asSdt` set to a case-law court scope, or in another case-law result's `citedCases`). Returns the case title, party names, court, procedural history, argued/decided dates, short citations, docket numbers, and every case cited within the opinion (grouped by cited case with a ready-to-call `hasdataLink`). Use to build legal-research and case-law-analysis workflows, or to walk a citation graph one cited case at a time.
The `caseId` of a Google Scholar case-law result, as returned by the google/scholar endpoint.
The two-letter language code for the language you want to use for the search. Provide one exact documented value (159 allowed), e.g. `af`, `ak`.
Get Scholar Case Law Opinion Looks up a Google Scholar Case Law opinion by its `caseId` (as returned in a google/scholar organic result's `caseId`, when searching with `asSdt` set to a case-law court scope, or in another case-law result's `citedCases`). Returns the case title, party names, court, procedural history, argued/decided dates, short citations, docket numbers, and every case cited within the opinion (grouped by cited case with a ready-to-call `hasdataLink`). Use to build legal-research and case-law-analysis workflows, or to walk a citation graph one cited case at a time.
| Argument | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| hl | string | The two-letter language code for the language you want to use for the search. Provide one exact documented value (159 allowed), e.g. `af`, `ak`. |
| caseId* | string | The `caseId` of a Google Scholar case-law result, as returned by the google/scholar endpoint. |
{
"type": "object",
"$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#",
"required": [
"caseId"
],
"properties": {
"hl": {
"type": "string",
"description": "The two-letter language code for the language you want to use for the search. Provide one exact documented value (159 allowed), e.g. `af`, `ak`."
},
"caseId": {
"type": "string",
"description": "The `caseId` of a Google Scholar case-law result, as returned by the google/scholar endpoint."
}
},
"additionalProperties": false
}Get Scholar Citation Formats Looks up citation formats and export links for a single Google Scholar organic search result, identified by its `resultId` (as returned in a google/scholar organic result). Returns formatted citation snippets (MLA, APA, Chicago, Harvard, Vancouver) and reference-manager export links (BibTeX, EndNote, RefMan, RefWorks). Use to build citation/bibliography features or complete a research workflow started with google/scholar.
| Argument | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| q* | string | The `resultId` of a Google Scholar organic result, as returned by the google/scholar endpoint. |
| hl | string | The two-letter language code for the language you want to use for the search. Provide one exact documented value (159 allowed), e.g. `af`, `ak`. |
{
"type": "object",
"$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#",
"required": [
"q"
],
"properties": {
"q": {
"type": "string",
"description": "The `resultId` of a Google Scholar organic result, as returned by the google/scholar endpoint."
},
"hl": {
"type": "string",
"description": "The two-letter language code for the language you want to use for the search. Provide one exact documented value (159 allowed), e.g. `af`, `ak`."
}
},
"additionalProperties": false
}Get Scholar Search Results Scrapes Google Scholar for a query with author:/source: search helpers, year range (asYlo/asYhi), cited-by and all-versions lookups (cites/cluster), review-article and citation-inclusion filters, language/language-restrict, start/num pagination, and asSdt to scope to case law (asSdt=2006 for all courts, 2003 for Federal courts only, or 4/6/3 plus comma-separated court codes for specific courts) or toggle patents. Returns each organic result with title, link, snippet, publication info (authors with profile links), cited-by count and link, related-articles link, and all-versions count and link; a case-law result links to a scholar_case?case= page and carries a ready-to-call caseHasdataLink. Use for academic research, literature review automation, citation tracking, grounding research agents with scholarly sources, and walking case law straight into google/scholar-case-law.
| Argument | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| q* | string | Search query. Supports Google Scholar search helpers such as `author:` and `source:`. |
| hl | string | The two-letter language code for the language you want to use for the search. Provide one exact documented value (159 allowed), e.g. `af`, `ak`. |
| lr | array | The 'lr' parameter specifies the language of the websites to return results from. This parameter filters results based on the language of the web content. |
| num | number | Maximum number of results to return per page. |
| asRr |
| number |
| Set to 1 to return review articles only, or 0 (default) to return all articles. |
| safe | string | Adult content filtering option. |
| asSdt | string | Search type/filter. Pick a value below to search case law from a specific court, or use `0,5` for Articles (default) / `7` to include patents. Any comma-separated court-code combination Google Scholar accepts also works here as free text beyond this list. Provide one exact documented value (302 allowed), e.g. `0,5`, `2007`. |
| asVis | number | Set to 1 to exclude citations from the results, or 0 (default) to include them. |
| asYhi | number | Return results published up to and including this year. |
| asYlo | number | Return results published from this year onward. |
| cites | string | Unique article ID to look up articles that cite it, as returned in a result's `citedBy.citesId`. |
| start | number | Result offset for pagination, where 0 is the first result. |
| filter | number | Defines whether to enable or disable the filters for 'Similar Results' and 'Omitted Results'. Set to 1 (default) to enable these filters, or 0 to disable them. |
| scisbd | number | Sort results by date instead of relevance: 1 for abstracts only, 2 for everything. Omit for relevance sorting. |
| cluster | string | Unique article ID to look up all indexed versions of that article, as returned in a result's `versions.clusterId`. |
{
"type": "object",
"$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#",
"required": [
"q"
],
"properties": {
"q": {
"type": "string",
"description": "Search query. Supports Google Scholar search helpers such as `author:` and `source:`."
},
"hl": {
"type": "string",
"description": "The two-letter language code for the language you want to use for the search. Provide one exact documented value (159 allowed), e.g. `af`, `ak`."
},
"lr": {
"type": "array",
"items": {
"enum": [
"lang_ar",
"lang_hy",
"lang_bg",
"lang_ca",
"lang_cs",
"lang_da",
"lang_de",
"lang_el",
"lang_en",
"lang_es",
"lang_et",
"lang_tl",
"lang_fi",
"lang_fr",
"lang_hr",
"lang_hi",
"lang_hu",
"lang_id",
"lang_is",
"lang_it",
"lang_iw",
"lang_he",
"lang_ja",
"lang_ko",
"lang_lt",
"lang_lv",
"lang_nl",
"lang_no",
"lang_fa",
"lang_pl",
"lang_pt",
"lang_ro",
"lang_ru",
"lang_sk",
"lang_sl",
"lang_sr",
"lang_sv",
"lang_th",
"lang_tr",
"lang_uk",
"lang_vi",
"lang_zh-CN",
"lang_zh-TW"
],
"type": "string"
},
"description": "The 'lr' parameter specifies the language of the websites to return results from. This parameter filters results based on the language of the web content."
},
"num": {
"type": "number",
"description": "Maximum number of results to return per page."
},
"asRr": {
"type": "number",
"description": "Set to 1 to return review articles only, or 0 (default) to return all articles."
},
"safe": {
"enum": [
"active",
"off"
],
"type": "string",
"description": "Adult content filtering option."
},
"asSdt": {
"type": "string",
"description": "Search type/filter. Pick a value below to search case law from a specific court, or use `0,5` for Articles (default) / `7` to include patents. Any comma-separated court-code combination Google Scholar accepts also works here as free text beyond this list. Provide one exact documented value (302 allowed), e.g. `0,5`, `2007`."
},
"asVis": {
"type": "number",
"description": "Set to 1 to exclude citations from the results, or 0 (default) to include them."
},
"asYhi": {
"type": "number",
"description": "Return results published up to and including this year."
},
"asYlo": {
"type": "number",
"description": "Return results published from this year onward."
},
"cites": {
"type": "string",
"description": "Unique article ID to look up articles that cite it, as returned in a result's `citedBy.citesId`."
},
"start": {
"type": "number",
"description": "Result offset for pagination, where 0 is the first result."
},
"filter": {
"type": "number",
"description": "Defines whether to enable or disable the filters for 'Similar Results' and 'Omitted Results'. Set to 1 (default) to enable these filters, or 0 to disable them.\n"
},
"scisbd": {
"type": "number",
"description": "Sort results by date instead of relevance: 1 for abstracts only, 2 for everything. Omit for relevance sorting."
},
"cluster": {
"type": "string",
"description": "Unique article ID to look up all indexed versions of that article, as returned in a result's `versions.clusterId`."
}
},
"additionalProperties": false
}