Source-linked research on U.S. judges, courts, cases, and judicial analytics.
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Compare highest/lowest recorded immigration rates by judge or court, jointly filtered by state, nationality and calendar/fiscal proceeding-completion year. Defaults to asylum_denial_rate and minimum_decisions 1; a larger minimum is optional. Include small samples with decision counts and labels. Asylum percentages use grants plus denials, with procedural outcomes separate. At most ten results. Use proceeding_removal_rate only for explicitly requested broader proceeding outcomes. Historical rates do not predict individual outcomes or imply a choice of judge.
Minimum grant-or-denial decisions; defaults to 1. Samples below 35 are labeled, not hidden.
Compare highest/lowest recorded immigration rates by judge or court, jointly filtered by state, nationality and calendar/fiscal proceeding-completion year. Defaults to asylum_denial_rate and minimum_decisions 1; a larger minimum is optional. Include small samples with decision counts and labels. Asylum percentages use grants plus denials, with procedural outcomes separate. At most ten results. Use proceeding_removal_rate only for explicitly requested broader proceeding outcomes. Historical rates do not predict individual outcomes or imply a choice of judge.
| Argument | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| year | integer | |
| limit | integer | |
| order | string | |
| state | string | |
| entity* | string | |
| metric | string | |
| year_basis | string | |
| nationality | string | |
| minimum_decisions | integer | Minimum grant-or-denial decisions; defaults to 1. Samples below 35 are labeled, not hidden. |
{
"type": "object",
"$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
"required": [
"entity"
],
"properties": {
"year": {
"type": "integer",
"maximum": 2100,
"minimum": 1950
},
"limit": {
"type": "integer",
"default": 3,
"maximum": 10,
"minimum": 1
},
"order": {
"enum": [
"ascending",
"descending"
],
"type": "string",
"default": "ascending"
},
"state": {
"type": "string"
},
"entity": {
"enum": [
"judge",
"court"
],
"type": "string"
},
"metric": {
"enum": [
"asylum_denial_rate",
"proceeding_removal_rate"
],
"type": "string",
"default": "asylum_denial_rate"
},
"year_basis": {
"enum": [
"calendar",
"fiscal"
],
"type": "string",
"default": "calendar"
},
"nationality": {
"type": "string",
"maxLength": 100,
"minLength": 2
},
"minimum_decisions": {
"type": "integer",
"default": 1,
"maximum": 100000,
"minimum": 1,
"description": "Minimum grant-or-denial decisions; defaults to 1. Samples below 35 are labeled, not hidden."
}
}
}Find reported AI-related legal-error cases, including fabricated citations and authorities. Use query for a case name, error type, or outcome; response distinguishes sanctions from no sanctions. Optional court, judge, state, and date filters narrow results. Returns at most 10 cases with verified decision links or labeled source fallbacks. Describe recorded allegations and outcomes; dataset inclusion alone does not establish a judicial finding of AI use. Empty and bulk searches are unavailable.
| Argument | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| court | string | Court name fragment |
| judge | string | Judge name fragment |
| limit | integer | Maximum results, capped at 10 |
| query | string | Case name, error type, ruling text, court, state, or judge search text |
| state | string | US state name |
| to_date | string | Inclusive latest decision date |
| response | string | Court response, for example Warning or Sanctions |
| from_date | string | Inclusive earliest decision date |
Find a court by name or location when the user asks for court identity, metadata, or a judge roster and its KnowJudges identity is unknown. For a named judge's courtroom presentation or practice rules, use get_courtroom_presentation_rules. Optionally narrow by jurisdiction or state. Returns at most 10 courts with names, state/jurisdiction, and canonical public URLs. No pagination or bulk listing is available. Use the returned court_url with get_court.
| Argument | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| limit | integer | |
| query* | string | Court name or location search text |
| state | string | State name or postal abbreviation |
| jurisdiction | string | Two-letter jurisdiction code. US means national courts such as the Supreme Court; geographically assigned federal courts use their state code, for example NY for SDNY. |
{
"type": "object",
"$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
"required": [
"query"
],
"properties": {
"limit": {
"type": "integer",
"default": 5,
"maximum": 10,
"minimum": 1
},
"query": {
"type": "string",
"minLength": 2,
"description": "Court name or location search text"
},
"state": {
"type": "string",
"minLength": 1,
"description": "State name or postal abbreviation"
},
"jurisdiction": {
"type": "string",
"pattern": "^[A-Za-z]{2}$",
"description": "Two-letter jurisdiction code. US means national courts such as the Supreme Court; geographically assigned federal courts use their state code, for example NY for SDNY."
}
}
}Find likely US judges by identifying search text, optionally narrowed by court, state, or county. Use this before requesting a profile when the canonical KnowJudges profile URL is unknown. Specifically named matches may have historical or uncertain service; retain their reported status. Returns at most 10 matches linked to canonical KnowJudges profiles; empty and bulk searches are unavailable.
| Argument | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| court | string | Court name fragment |
| limit | integer | Maximum results, capped at 10 |
| query* | string | Judge name or other identifying search text |
| state | string | US state name or postal abbreviation, for example DC or California |
| county | string | County name fragment |
{
"type": "object",
"$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
"required": [
"query"
],
"properties": {
"court": {
"type": "string",
"description": "Court name fragment"
},
"limit": {
"type": "integer",
"default": 5,
"maximum": 10,
"minimum": 1,
"description": "Maximum results, capped at 10"
},
"query": {
"type": "string",
"minLength": 2,
"description": "Judge name or other identifying search text"
},
"state": {
"type": "string",
"description": "US state name or postal abbreviation, for example DC or California"
},
"county": {
"type": "string",
"description": "County name fragment"
}
}
}Get one court's identity, jurisdiction, profile URL, core metadata, and up to 10 judges classified as current when the user asks for court information or a roster. For a named judge's courtroom presentation or practice rules, use get_courtroom_presentation_rules. Use the court_url from find_court. Counts cover indexed profiles classified as active, senior, recalled, or visiting, not an independently verified complete bench. Retain roster coverage and location-specific contact notes. No pagination is available. An empty roster means no indexed current matches; a null count means unavailable roster data.
| Argument | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| limit | integer | |
| court_url* | string | Exact canonical court_url returned by find_court |
{
"type": "object",
"$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
"required": [
"court_url"
],
"properties": {
"limit": {
"type": "integer",
"default": 10,
"maximum": 10,
"minimum": 1
},
"court_url": {
"type": "string",
"format": "uri",
"description": "Exact canonical court_url returned by find_court"
}
}
}Answer a named judge's courtroom presentation or practice rules question using documented findings and source links. Resolve judge_url with find_judges. Use up to 10 topics to focus on materials, procedures, or a named part. Put relevant judge-specific requirements first and retain source deadlines. Summary Jury Trial and Commercial Division guidance is conditional. Broader rules are not personal preferences. Missing findings establish neither permission nor prohibition. Answer without looking up court metadata or a judge roster unless the user asks.
| Argument | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| topics | array | Optional presentation topics to filter |
| judge_url* | string | Canonical profile_url returned by find_judges |
{
"type": "object",
"$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
"required": [
"judge_url"
],
"properties": {
"topics": {
"type": "array",
"items": {
"type": "string"
},
"maxItems": 10,
"description": "Optional presentation topics to filter"
},
"judge_url": {
"type": "string",
"format": "uri",
"description": "Canonical profile_url returned by find_judges"
}
}
}Get Core counts for Judges, Courts and Courthouses nationally or by state. Judges include historical profiles; Courts are institutions; Courthouses are known physical addresses. Shared addresses count once.
| Argument | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| state | string |
{
"type": "object",
"$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
"properties": {
"state": {
"type": "string"
}
}
}Get immigration judge or court outcomes using its canonical public profile URL. Filter jointly by nationality, calendar/fiscal proceeding-completion year and recorded court state. Asylum grant/denial percentages use grant-coded plus denied outcomes; procedural outcomes are separate. Samples below 35 decisions are labeled; no decisions means no rate. Returns sources and coverage. Use proceeding_removal_rate only for explicitly requested broader proceeding outcomes.
| Argument | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| year | integer | |
| state | string | |
| entity* | string | |
| metric | string | |
| year_basis | string | |
| nationality | string | |
| profile_url* | string |
{
"type": "object",
"$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
"required": [
"entity",
"profile_url"
],
"properties": {
"year": {
"type": "integer",
"maximum": 2100,
"minimum": 1950
},
"state": {
"type": "string"
},
"entity": {
"enum": [
"judge",
"court"
],
"type": "string"
},
"metric": {
"enum": [
"asylum_denial_rate",
"proceeding_removal_rate"
],
"type": "string",
"default": "asylum_denial_rate"
},
"year_basis": {
"enum": [
"calendar",
"fiscal"
],
"type": "string",
"default": "calendar"
},
"nationality": {
"type": "string",
"maxLength": 100,
"minLength": 2
},
"profile_url": {
"type": "string",
"format": "uri"
}
}
}Get one judge's source-attributed birth details, education, and professional and judicial careers using the canonical profile URL from find_judges. Use for biographical questions rather than courtroom practice. Preserves date granularity, provenance, and source check dates; age is returned only for a valid full date of birth, otherwise null. Missing biography fields mean unavailable information, not a failed lookup.
| Argument | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| judge_url* | string | Canonical profile_url returned by find_judges |
{
"type": "object",
"$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
"required": [
"judge_url"
],
"properties": {
"judge_url": {
"type": "string",
"format": "uri",
"description": "Canonical profile_url returned by find_judges"
}
}
}Get one judge's public profile using the canonical profile URL from find_judges. Use for identity and assignments; use get_judge_biography for biography and get_courtroom_presentation_rules for practice. Preserve stated uncertainty: an assignment end date does not by itself end judicial service or establish a senior-status transition. Source check dates describe evidence checks; last_updated describes publication. Missing fields are unavailable information. Broader rules are not personal preferences.
| Argument | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| judge_url* | string | Canonical profile_url returned by find_judges |
{
"type": "object",
"$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
"required": [
"judge_url"
],
"properties": {
"judge_url": {
"type": "string",
"format": "uri",
"description": "Canonical profile_url returned by find_judges"
}
}
}Find recorded KnowJudges profile or courtroom-rule changes since an inclusive date, optionally narrowed to the canonical judge_url from find_judges or court_url from find_court. Court filtering includes changes associated with that court and its indexed judge profiles; ambiguous court-only records are omitted. Use to check documented updates; returns at most 25 records. Change tracking begins at the reported launch date, so an empty result does not prove that no earlier real-world rule changed.
| Argument | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| limit | integer | |
| since* | string | Inclusive date in YYYY-MM-DD format |
| court_url | string | Optional canonical court_url returned by find_court |
| judge_url | string | Optional canonical profile_url returned by find_judges |
{
"type": "object",
"$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
"required": [
"since"
],
"properties": {
"limit": {
"type": "integer",
"default": 10,
"maximum": 25,
"minimum": 1
},
"since": {
"type": "string",
"format": "date",
"pattern": "^(?:(?:\\d\\d[2468][048]|\\d\\d[13579][26]|\\d\\d0[48]|[02468][048]00|[13579][26]00)-02-29|\\d{4}-(?:(?:0[13578]|1[02])-(?:0[1-9]|[12]\\d|3[01])|(?:0[469]|11)-(?:0[1-9]|[12]\\d|30)|(?:02)-(?:0[1-9]|1\\d|2[0-8])))$",
"description": "Inclusive date in YYYY-MM-DD format"
},
"court_url": {
"type": "string",
"format": "uri",
"description": "Optional canonical court_url returned by find_court"
},
"judge_url": {
"type": "string",
"format": "uri",
"description": "Optional canonical profile_url returned by find_judges"
}
}
}{
"type": "object",
"$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
"properties": {
"court": {
"type": "string",
"minLength": 1,
"description": "Court name fragment"
},
"judge": {
"type": "string",
"minLength": 1,
"description": "Judge name fragment"
},
"limit": {
"type": "integer",
"default": 5,
"maximum": 10,
"minimum": 1,
"description": "Maximum results, capped at 10"
},
"query": {
"type": "string",
"minLength": 2,
"description": "Case name, error type, ruling text, court, state, or judge search text"
},
"state": {
"type": "string",
"minLength": 1,
"description": "US state name"
},
"to_date": {
"type": "string",
"format": "date",
"pattern": "^(?:(?:\\d\\d[2468][048]|\\d\\d[13579][26]|\\d\\d0[48]|[02468][048]00|[13579][26]00)-02-29|\\d{4}-(?:(?:0[13578]|1[02])-(?:0[1-9]|[12]\\d|3[01])|(?:0[469]|11)-(?:0[1-9]|[12]\\d|30)|(?:02)-(?:0[1-9]|1\\d|2[0-8])))$",
"description": "Inclusive latest decision date"
},
"response": {
"type": "string",
"minLength": 1,
"description": "Court response, for example Warning or Sanctions"
},
"from_date": {
"type": "string",
"format": "date",
"pattern": "^(?:(?:\\d\\d[2468][048]|\\d\\d[13579][26]|\\d\\d0[48]|[02468][048]00|[13579][26]00)-02-29|\\d{4}-(?:(?:0[13578]|1[02])-(?:0[1-9]|[12]\\d|3[01])|(?:0[469]|11)-(?:0[1-9]|[12]\\d|30)|(?:02)-(?:0[1-9]|1\\d|2[0-8])))$",
"description": "Inclusive earliest decision date"
}
}
}